Periodic table

The periodic table is a very much needed tool in chemistry. It organizes the elements along with their properties. The table originally started with French scientist, Antoine Lavoisier. He had created a list of elements to keep organized and it basically grew from there. In today's periodic table there are 116 elements. Each element has its own box containing elements name, symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass. Boxes are arranged in order of increasing atomic number into columns called periods. There are three classifications for the elements, metals, metalloids, and non metals. Metals are shiny, solid at room temperature, and good conductors.  Non metals are usually gasses or brittle or dull looking solids. They aren't good conductors. Metalloids have both chemical and physical properties of both non metals and metals. All in all the periodic table is very useful in science.

Conductivity

Conductivity

A good conductor carries lose ions easily. For example metal is a good conductor.  Metal wires are used for electricity since they are good conductors.

To learn about conductivity we did a lab. In this lab we were to test a variety of elements. To do this we choose six diffrent substances: lactose hydrate, collsium cloride, sodium acctate, corn syrup, molloscc, and citric acid. Then we put a little of each substance into six diffrent cups and tested there conductiviy. To test the conductivity we had a conductive meter. The conductive meter determined the level of conductivity on how bright the light shown. (1-not really conductive, 2-kinda conductive, 3-conductive, 4-very conductive)

Results:

According to the results lactose hydrate, sodium acetate, and molosses are very conductive, meaning they all have lose ions which carry easily. 

In conclusion conductivity is a form of conducting electric current, heat or sound. 

Reaction lab

Reactions  lab
   In this lab we experienced 7 different types of reactions. We observed and discovered characteristics  of these different reactions and even wrote formulas for these reactions.

Reaction 1:
        What we used: hydrochloride acid, magnesium metal, test tubes, match
         What we did: we took a test tube and filled it up about half way with hydrochloride acid. Then we put in a piece of magnesium metal and covered it with anther test tube.  The magnesium started bubbling and it made the tube foggy.  Once the magnesium metal stopped bubbling, we lit a match and stuck it in the tube that was covering the acid. The reaction there seemed to make a mini explosion, it even made a noise that made some people jump.
          The formula: 2HCI + Mg---->MgCI2+ H2
                  (single replacement)

Reaction 2:
        What we used: Bunsen burner, magnesium, tongs,
        What we did: we lit the burner and then held a strip of magnesium over the burner till the reaction took place. The magnesium made a really bright white light.
         The formula: 2Mg + O2----> 2MgO
                     (single replacement)
Reaction 3:
         What we used:  copper wire, sand paper, tongs, Bunsen burner,
         What we did:  we took the copper wire and shined it up with sand paper. Then we held the wire over the burner for a couple of minutes. The reaction seen was that the wire started to glow.
           The formula: 2Cu(s)+ O2(g)----> 2Cu(s)
                    (double replacement)

Reaction 4:
         What we used: ammonium carbonate, test tubes,  burner
         What we did: we added a little ammonium carbonate into a test tube and then we heated the test tube. And then we waft the smell of the gas and it smelt like baking powder.
           The formula: (NH4)2+CO2----> Co2+ H2O +2NH3
                     (combustion)

Reaction 5:
        What we used: hydrogen peroxide, manganese dioxide, test tube, match
        What we did: we filled half way a test tube with hydrogen peroxide and then added a little bit of manganese dioxide. There seemed to be a separation, like two different layers. When we put in the glowing match the top layer seemed to explode into flames.
         The formula: 2H2O2MnO2-----> 2H2O+O2
                 (single replacement)

Reaction 6:
       What we used: potassium iodine, test tube, lead(II)nitrate
       What we did: we poured potassium in one test tube and lead(II)nitrate into two different tubes. They were two different colors. Then we mixed them together and the solution got turned yellow.
        The formula: 2KI+Pb(NO3)2---> 2KINO3+ PbI2
               (double replacement)

Reaction 7:
       What we used: copper(II) carbonate, test tube, test tube holder, match
        What we did: we poured a little copper(II) carbonate into a test tube and then we heated it up while cover it with anther test tube. After that we lit a match and put it in the test tube and the smoke formed out.
      The formula: CuCo3--->CuO+CO2
             (decomposition)

In this lab we seen many reactions and learned how mixing or adding heat will cause a reactions.  

Atomic structure

All matter is composed of atoms which contain electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons are in the empty space. While protons and neutrons are in the nucleus.

Nucleus- The nucleus Is the center of an atom which contains protons and neutrons.

Protons- protons are subatomic particles that make up the nucleus of an atom. The proton has a positive electric charge and is part of the Byron family. Since  it has three colored quarks, 2 up quarks and one down one.
Number of Protons = Atomic Number

Neutrons- neutrons also make up the nucleus and are subatomic particles. The neutron has a neutral charge. Neutrons are also made up of three quarks. However, the neutron had two down quarks and one up quark unlike the proton.
Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

Electrons- Electrons are subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus and have a negative electric charge. Electrons are held there by an electromagnetic force.
Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number

Example- Helium  

Protons=2                                                                                                                                                   Neutrons- 4.003-2= 2.003                                                                                                                          Electrons=2

The history of the atom- In the early years people did not believe or even know of atoms. The first to come upon the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible was a philosopher named Democritus. Since he could not back up why, his idea was shunned. That theory was discard but reopened in the 18th century. John Dalton finally figured it out in the 19th century and said all matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Thats how atoms came to be.

Current Science

CERN: Light Speed May Have Been Exceeded By Subatomic Particle

            In this article it is said that Einstein's theory of relativity may have been disproved. The theory says that nothing can go faster than the speed of light or better known as E=MC2(squared). This theory has always worked until European researchers clocked a neutrino going 186,282 m/s. (cosmic speed limit) A neutrino is a subatomic particle, odd silvers of an atom  with almost no mass that have three different "flavors" and it may have it's own anti particle and shifts one flavor to anther while shooting out from the sun. The neutrino traveled 60 nanoseconds faster than the speed of light . The margin of error is only 10 n/s.  The scientist at CERN have spent months rechecking their findings. They still aren't ready to call it a new discovery. They want other physicist to try and verify their discovery. There are only two other labs that can replicate the CERN one. How could this happen?There could be shortcuts through other dimensions. Or the universe is not perfectly symmetrical like Einstein said it was. Although our life's will not change if this is a new discovery, will change our understanding of how the universe operates. This can be a revolutionary discovery.
         I think it is crazy how for so many years we have lived by Einstein's theory and all of a sudden it may not be correct. It's kinda like when people thought the world was flat. However I am glad that, there is new discoveries. The discoveries will only make the world better because we will understand everything a lot better and know how to go upon certain situations.

The mystery jar

 Mystery Jar

We have made a mystery jar but had to hand it over to anther group, but in return we receive a .... 

We get a mystery jar handed over to us. What is in it? How many different stuff is in there? How much of everything is in there? Will it explode?

When the mystery jar is handed over to us,  we first begin to observe what may and may not be what's inside. We observe that there may be iron in this mixture, therefore we grab a magnet and test it. The magnet test proved that there was iron. However the real question was, how much? Therefore we weigh the whole mixture(12.20 grams) But  now we had to figure out what else was in there. And by our observation we concluded it was sugar and Callisumcarbonate. To measure the Callisumcarbonate we used the wire mesh To separate the Callisumcarbonate from the sugar nd iron. Then we used the scale to measure it which came out to be 8.82 grams now to separate the iron from the sugar... We decided the best way would be to filter out the sugar from the iron. This would be done by taking a beaker and set the filter in, and add water to the compound of sugar and iron then dump it the filter. And wait for the compound to separate. Before picking up the iron with the magnet, we measured the magnet which was 5.66 grams and after, with the iron it weighed 14.17 grams.  So now its all simple math. 14.17-5.66=8.51
iron=8.51 grams
12.20-8.51=3.09 
So sugar = 3.09 grams 

Now to see how close the calculations were..... 
    Callisumcarbonate= 8.84 g
    Iron= 4.51 g
    Sugar= 3.11 g 

All our measurements were close except for iron, maybe the magnet threw us off. 

Now we know what is in the mystery jar!=]
    (and it did not explode) 

Chromatography lab

Chromatography lab

What we used: filter paper, markers, water, paper, tray

What will happen to the drawing on the filter paper if we set the filter paper on top of a tray of water with filter?

If we make a drawing on a piece of filter paper with markers  and set it on top of a tray of water with filters then the Inc will smutch.

To begin with we drew with markers on the filter paper. Then we poked holes in the filter paper and twisted some paper and set it in the hole or holes. (this served, kinda like a wick in a candle, as a filter) after that we set the drawing in the tray of water and waited for the process to occur.

                     Before                                                            

 

                   
                                                                      After





Wow! All the Inc spread all over the filter paper.


So in this lab the Inc spread all over the filter paper because it was sperating the molecules in the Inc to make a specific color.

We have now experincesd the seperation technique of Chromatography.

Chromatography is the separation of molecules through passing liquids.